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The Protect America Act of 2007 (PAA), (, enacted by ), is a controversial amendment to the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) that was signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush on August 5, 2007. It removed the warrant requirement for government surveillance of foreign intelligence targets "reasonably believed" to be outside of the United States.〔(Statement for the Record to the House Judiciary Committee by Director John Michael McConnell ) September 18, 2007〕 The FISA Amendments Act of 2008 reauthorized many provisions of the Protect America Act in Title VII of FISA.〔(White House signing ceremony for FISA Amendments Act of 2008 ).〕 ==Background== (詳細はNew York Times'' published an article〔("Bush Lets US Spy on Callers Without Courts" (Dec. 16, 2005; )〕 that described a surveillance program of warrantless domestic wiretapping ordered by the Bush administration and carried out by the National Security Agency in cooperation with major telecommunications companies since 2002 (a subsequent Bloomberg article suggested that this may have already begun by June 2000). Many critics have asserted that the Administration's warrant-free surveillance program is a violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution against warrantless search, and, a criminal violation of FISA. The Bush administration maintained that the warrant requirements of FISA were implicitly superseded by the subsequent passage of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists,〔U.S. Department of Justice White Paper on NSA Legal Authorities ("Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" ) January 19, 2006.〕 and that the President's inherent authority under Article II of the Constitution to conduct foreign surveillance trumped the FISA statute. However, the Supreme Court decision in ''Hamdan v. Rumsfeld'' placed the legitimacy of this argument into question.〔(Supreme Court’s Ruling in Hamdan Means Warrantless Eavesdropping is Clearly Illegal ), Glenn Greenwald, July 9, 2006〕〔(Hamdan and the NSA Domestic Surveillance Program: What Next? ), Marty Lederman, July 7, 2006〕 On July 28, 2007, President Bush announced that his Administration had submitted a bill to Congress to amend FISA. He suggested that the current law was "badly out of date" – despite amendments passed in October 2001 – and did not apply to disposable cell phones and Internet-based communications. The bill he submitted to Congress would address these new technologies, Bush said, as well as restore FISA's "original focus" on protecting the privacy of people within the United States, "so we don't have to obtain court orders to effectively collect foreign intelligence about foreign targets located in foreign locations." He asked that Congress pass the legislation before its August 2007 recess, stating that "Every day that Congress puts off these reforms increases the danger to our nation. Our intelligence community warns that under the current statute, we are missing a significant amount of foreign intelligence that we should be collecting to protect our country".〔(President's Radio Address – July 28, 2007 )〕 On August 3, 2007, the Senate passed the bill ((S. 1927 )) in a vote of 60 to 28((110th Congress 1st Session Vote 309 )). The House followed by passing the bill, 227-183((House Roll Call 836 )) on August 3, 2007. The bill altered the original 1978 law in many ways, including:〔(GovTrack U.S. – S. 1927 Text of Legislation )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Protect America Act of 2007」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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